How to create a heat map on R programming? Heat maps are a graphical representation of data that uses color coding to show the values of a matrix. They are useful for visualizing large amounts of data and identifying patterns and trends. This article will show you how to create a heat map in R programming. To create a heat map in R, we will use the heatmap() function, which is part of the base R package. We will also use the scale() function to normalize the data so that the colors represent the relative values of the matrix.

Here are the steps to create a heat map in R:
Step 1: Prepare your data
The data for your heat map should be in a matrix format, with rows and columns representing variables and the values representing the observations. Here is an example of a matrix:
data <- matrix(c(10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90), nrow = 3, ncol = 3)
Step 2: Normalize the data
We will use the scale()
function to normalize the data so that the colors represent the relative values of the matrix. This is done by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation of each row or column:
scaled_data <- scale(data, center = TRUE, scale = TRUE)
Step 3: Create the heat map
To create the heat map, we will use the heatmap()
function. Here is the code:
heatmap(scaled_data, col = rev(heat.colors(10)), margins = c(5, 10))
The scaled_data
argument is the matrix of normalized data. The col
argument specifies the color palette to use. In this case, we are using the heat.colors()
function to generate a palette of 10 colors, which we reverse with the rev()
function so that higher values are darker. The margins
argument specifies the size of the margins around the heat map.
Step 4: Add labels to the heat map
To add labels to the heat map, we can use the xlab
, ylab
, and main
arguments. Here is an example:
heatmap(scaled_data, col = rev(heat.colors(10)), margins = c(5, 10),
xlab = "Columns", ylab = "Rows", main = "Heat Map Example")
The xlab
argument specifies the label for the x-axis, the ylab
argument specifies the label for the y-axis, and the main
argument specifies the main title of the heat map.
Step 5: Customize the heat map
There are many ways to customize the heat map in R. For example, you can change the font size and color of the labels, adjust the size of the heat map, and add a color scale legend. Here is an example of how to change the font size and color of the labels:
heatmap(scaled_data, col = rev(heat.colors(10)), margins = c(5, 10), xlab = "Columns", ylab = "Rows", main = "Heat Map Example", cex.axis = 1.5, col.axis = "white")
The cex.axis
argument specifies the font size of the axis labels, and the col.axis
argument specifies the color of the axis labels.
What’s Taking place i am new to this, I stumbled upon this I have found It absolutely helpful and it has helped me out loads.
I hope to give a contribution & assist other users like its aided
me. Good job.
I really like what you guys are usually up too. Such clever work and coverage! Keep up the awesome works guys I’ve included you guys to my personal blogroll.
I simply couldn’t go away your website prior to suggesting that I actually loved the standard info an individual supply for your guests? Is going to be again incessantly to check out new posts.
hello there and thanks on your info – I have definitely picked up anything new from proper here. I did alternatively experience a few technical points using this web site, as I experienced to reload the site lots of times previous to I may just get it to load correctly. I have been wondering if your hosting is OK? Now not that I am complaining, but sluggish loading circumstances instances will often affect your placement in google and could harm your high-quality ranking if ads and ***********|advertising|advertising|advertising and *********** with Adwords. Well I’m including this RSS to my e-mail and could glance out for much extra of your respective interesting content. Ensure that you replace this again soon..
Wonderful web site. Plenty of helpful info here. I am sending it to some pals ans also sharing in delicious. And obviously, thanks on your effort!
I have read several excellent stuff here. Definitely value bookmarking for revisiting. I surprise how much attempt you place to make the sort of fantastic informative web site.
I cling on to listening to the rumor speak about receiving free online grant applications so I have been looking around for the most excellent site to get one. Could you advise me please, where could i get some?
india buy prednisone online: https://prednisone1st.store/# prednisone daily use
tricor over the counter order fenofibrate 200mg for sale fenofibrate cost
Real clear internet site, regards for this post.
buy zaditor pills buy ketotifen online cheap imipramine 75mg cost
Do you mind if I quote a few of your posts as long as I provide
credit and sources back to your blog? My blog site is in the very same niche as yours and my users would genuinely benefit from a lot of the information you present
here. Please let me know if this alright with you. Thank you!
order generic cialis 40mg cialis 5mg generic buy viagra sale
precose ca micronase where to buy buy generic griseofulvin
buy minoxytop cheap can i buy ed pills over the counter best over the counter ed pills
how to get aspirin without a prescription aspirin 75 mg canada imiquad medication
What’s Taking place i am new to this, I stumbled upon this I have discovered It absolutely useful and it has helped me out loads. I hope to give a contribution & help other customers like its helped me. Good job.
of course like your web site but you need to test the spelling on several of your posts. Many of them are rife with spelling issues and I to find it very bothersome to inform the truth nevertheless I will surely come back again.
Hey There. I found your blog using msn. This is an extremely well written article. I will be sure to bookmark it and return to read more of your useful information. Thanks for the post. I will definitely return.
order dipyridamole online felodipine pills pravachol 10mg usa
melatonin 3 mg cheap danazol 100 mg uk buy danazol without a prescription
Hi, i read your blog occasionally and i own a similar one and i was just wondering
if you get a lot of spam remarks? If so how do you protect against it,
any plugin or anything you can suggest? I get so much lately it’s driving me mad so any assistance is very much appreciated.
fludrocortisone 100 mcg brand loperamide 2 mg brand loperamide 2 mg for sale
duphaston pill sitagliptin online order empagliflozin drug
buy generic prasugrel online order prasugrel pills buy tolterodine 2mg pills
order monograph where to buy etodolac without a prescription pletal 100 mg for sale
order ferrous sulfate 100mg online order risedronate 35mg for sale betapace 40mg us
Hi there! This post couldn’t be written any better! Reading through this post reminds me of my previous room mate! He always kept talking about this. I will forward this article to him. Pretty sure he will have a good read. Thank you for sharing!
I see something really interesting about your site so I saved to fav.
pyridostigmine sale buy maxalt 5mg generic rizatriptan 5mg ca
vasotec 5mg canada buy vasotec 10mg generic purchase lactulose
An outstanding share! I’ve just forwarded this onto a colleague
who had been conducting a little homework on this. And he actually ordered me dinner because I found it for him…
lol. So let me reword this…. Thank YOU for the meal!!
But yeah, thanx for spending some time to talk about
this issue here on your blog.
purchase betahistine pill oral betahistine purchase probenecid generic
zovirax online buy buy exelon 6mg rivastigmine 3mg generic
prilosec 20mg canada cheap lopressor 50mg metoprolol 100mg for sale
premarin uk order premarin online sildenafil drug
micardis 20mg over the counter purchase molnunat without prescription purchase molnunat generic
buy cenforce generic order generic cenforce 50mg buy aralen cheap
cialis walmart tadalafil 40mg without prescription brand viagra
omnicef pill order lansoprazole 30mg sale buy lansoprazole 30mg pills
modafinil where to buy order provigil 100mg without prescription buy prednisone 40mg generic
you’ve a terrific blog right here! would you wish to make some invite posts on my blog?
buy generic isotretinoin 40mg buy zithromax without prescription order zithromax pill
lipitor 80mg generic order amlodipine amlodipine price
azipro 250mg over the counter gabapentin 100mg for sale order generic neurontin 100mg
protonix for sale buy protonix no prescription phenazopyridine 200mg usa
online gambling games lasix us purchase lasix