Understanding R Object Types: If you’re new to R, one of the first things you’ll need to understand is the concept of object types. R is a dynamically-typed language, meaning that objects are not assigned a specific type at the time of declaration, but rather their type is determined at runtime. In this article, we’ll cover the different types of objects in R, how to create and manipulate them, and how to work with their associated functions.
Table of Contents
- Introduction
- Scalars and Vectors
- Numeric Vectors
- Integer Vectors
- Complex Vectors
- Logical Vectors
- Character Vectors
- Factor Vectors
- Matrices and Arrays
- Lists
- Data Frames
- FAQs

1. Introduction
R is a powerful programming language used extensively for data analysis and statistical computing. One of its key features is its ability to work with a variety of object types. In R, objects can be anything from a single number to a complex data structure containing many elements.
2. Scalars and Vectors
Scalars are single values in R, such as a number or character string. Vectors are collections of scalars of the same type, arranged in a specific order.
Numeric Vectors
Numeric vectors are the most common type of vector in R, and can contain any real number. They are created using the c()
function:
> x <- c(1.5, 2.7, 3.9)
> x
[1] 1.5 2.7 3.9
Integer Vectors
Integer vectors can contain only whole numbers. They are created using the as.integer()
function:
> y <- as.integer(c(1, 2, 3))
> y
[1] 1 2 3
Complex Vectors
Complex vectors are used to represent complex numbers, which have both real and imaginary component. They are created using the c()
function with the complex()
function:
> z <- c(1+2i, 2+3i, 3+4i)
> z
[1] 1+2i 2+3i 3+4i
Logical Vectors
Logical vectors contain either TRUE
or FALSE
values, and are used extensively in conditional statements. They are created using the c()
function:
> a <- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE)
> a
[1] TRUE FALSE TRUE
Character Vectors
Character vectors contain text strings. They are created using the c()
function with quotes:
> b <- c("apple", "banana", "cherry")
> b
[1] "apple" "banana" "cherry"
Factor Vectors
Factor vectors are used to represent categorical data. They are created using the factor()
function:
> c <- factor(c("red", "green", "blue"))
> c
[1] red green blue
Levels: blue green red
3. Matrices and Arrays
Matrices are two-dimensional collections of data, while arrays can have any number of dimensions. They are created using the matrix()
and array()
functions:
> m <- matrix(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), nrow=2, ncol=3)
> m
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 3 5
[2,] 2 4 6
Arrays are similar to matrices but can have more than two dimensions. Here is an example of a three-dimensional array:
> a <- array(c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8), dim=c(2, 2, 2))
> a
, , 1
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 1 3
[2,] 2 4
, , 2
[,1] [,2]
[1,] 5 7
[2,] 6 8
4. Lists
Lists are one of the most versatile object types in R. They can contain objects of different types and sizes, and can even contain other lists. They are created using the list()
function:
> l <- list(1, "apple", c(1, 2, 3))
> l
[[1]]
[1] 1
[[2]]
[1] "apple"
[[3]]
[1] 1 2 3
5. Data Frames
Data frames are used to represent tabular data, such as spreadsheets or database tables. They are similar to matrices but can contain columns of different types. They are created using the data.frame()
function:
> df <- data.frame(name=c("Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"), age=c(25, 30, 35), married=c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE))
> df
name age married
1 Alice 25 TRUE
2 Bob 30 FALSE
3 Charlie 35 TRUE
6. FAQs
- What is the difference between a scalar and a vector in R?
- A scalar is a single value, while a vector is a collection of values of the same type.
- How do I create a matrix in R?
- You can create a matrix using the
matrix()
function.
- You can create a matrix using the
- What is a data frame in R?
- A data frame is a type of object used to represent tabular data, such as spreadsheets or database tables.
- What is a factor in R?
- A factor is a type of vector used to represent categorical data.
- Why is it important to choose the right type of object in R?
- The type of an object can affect how it is treated by R functions, so choosing the right type is important to ensure correct results.
Download: Beginning Data Science in R: Data Analysis, Visualization, and Modelling for the Data Scientist
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